Arms vs. Debt
One of the bleakest trends apparent in the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute’s (SIPRI) Yearbook 2000: Armaments, Disarmament and International Security is the documented rise in Africa’s military spending — more bad news for a continent already plagued by rampant poverty and an HIV/AIDS epidemic that afflicts 25.3 million of its inhabitants. "Military expenditure in ...
One of the bleakest trends apparent in the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute's (SIPRI) Yearbook 2000: Armaments, Disarmament and International Security is the documented rise in Africa's military spending -- more bad news for a continent already plagued by rampant poverty and an HIV/AIDS epidemic that afflicts 25.3 million of its inhabitants.
One of the bleakest trends apparent in the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute’s (SIPRI) Yearbook 2000: Armaments, Disarmament and International Security is the documented rise in Africa’s military spending — more bad news for a continent already plagued by rampant poverty and an HIV/AIDS epidemic that afflicts 25.3 million of its inhabitants.
"Military expenditure in Africa has been increasing since 1997 after a relatively long period of decline," the SIPRI report finds. The change is the result of the persistence of numerous conflicts on the continent and the steady increases in military spending by major regional players, including Nigeria and Ethiopia.
Four nations critical to African stability — Angola, Eritrea, Rwanda, and Mozambique — showed some of the highest arms expenditures on the continent as a share of gross domestic product (GDP) between 1990 and 1998. Angola led the pack, with military outlays as a share of GDP in 1998 at 14.9 percent. Compare that with the 8.7 percent of GDP spent on arms by Israel, a country that views itself as in constant peril.
Several of the African nations that the SIPRI report identifies as increasingly big military spenders are the same nations many activists and international organizations argue need immediate, complete debt relief. At least two, Mozambique and Rwanda, had already received about 70 percent debt relief by March 2001 under the World Bank and International Monetary Fund’s (IMF) Highly Indebted Poor Countries Initiative (HIPC Initiative). And other nations building large arsenals are under consideration for relief, including Angola and Ethiopia. Debt relief can free up serious cash for governments. In Rwanda alone, the World Bank–IMF initiative will mean a savings of $810 million in the coming years.
Under the auspices of the Enhanced HIPC Initiative agreed to by lending nations in 1999, no guidelines exist for limiting military spending in countries seeking debt relief. The IMF says applications are examined on a case by case basis. "We look at the macroeconomic mix," says an IMF spokesman, adding that "post-conflict countries are problematic." Is the IMF concerned with the rise in African arms expenditures? "When you have explosive growth in military expenditures, it’s going to get noticed." But don’t look for a change in the IMF’s debt relief strategy soon. The fund’s spokesman says the IMF currently has no desire to put an explicit restriction on military spending into the HIPC Initiative format.
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