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What’s the Deal With ‘Hostage Diplomacy’?

Here’s how different states are using the pressure tactic.

Griner is handcuffed as she walks between two officials.
Griner is handcuffed as she walks between two officials.
WNBA star Brittney Griner arrives to a hearing at the Khimki court outside Moscow on June 27. Kirill Kudryavtsev/AFP via Getty Images

Last week’s high-profile prisoner swap of WNBA star Brittney Griner and Russian arms dealer Viktor Bout drew attention to “hostage diplomacy”—over which U.S. President Joe Biden declared a national emergency this summer. According to FP’s Stephen M. Walt, it’s a pressure tactic that tends to work—at least in the short term. Curiously, though, Walt notes countries use it “even when it is contrary to their stated aims and damaging to their overall interests.”

Last week’s high-profile prisoner swap of WNBA star Brittney Griner and Russian arms dealer Viktor Bout drew attention to “hostage diplomacy”—over which U.S. President Joe Biden declared a national emergency this summer. According to FP’s Stephen M. Walt, it’s a pressure tactic that tends to work—at least in the short term. Curiously, though, Walt notes countries use it “even when it is contrary to their stated aims and damaging to their overall interests.”

As hostage diplomacy makes a comeback, we’re sharing our essential reads on the tactic. In the essays below, we explore why hostage-taking works, how different powers from Iran to China are using it, and what states can—and can’t—do about it.—Chloe Hadavas


In this picture taken on March 2, 2017, a cell for inmates waiting to see the prison medic is seen at Stanley Prison in Hong Kong.
In this picture taken on March 2, 2017, a cell for inmates waiting to see the prison medic is seen at Stanley Prison in Hong Kong.

In this picture taken on March 2, 2017, a cell for inmates waiting to see the prison medic is seen at Stanley Prison in Hong Kong.ANTHONY WALLACE/AFP via Getty Images

Why ‘Hostage Diplomacy’ Works

From China to Iran to the United States, arbitrary detention is an immoral—and often effective—pressure tactic, FP’s Stephen M. Walt writes.


china closed trial two michaels canada
china closed trial two michaels canada

Canadian Embassy Chargé d’Affaires Jim Nickel (C, R) and other diplomats gather after they were denied entry to the closed trial for Canadian Michael Kovrig on March 22, in Beijing, China. Kevin Frayer/Getty Images

Western Expats Are No Longer Safe in China

Chinese President Xi Jinping is prepared to stoop to the level of late Libyan dictator Muammar al-Qaddafi and engage in hostage diplomacy, FP’s Elisabeth Braw writes.


People in jackets hold up posters with a face that read "FREE Ahamad Reza Jalali."
People in jackets hold up posters with a face that read "FREE Ahamad Reza Jalali."

Demonstrators hold posters with a portrait of Iranian Swedish doctor and researcher Ahmadreza Djalali, who has been imprisoned and sentenced to death in Iran, to call for his release in Stockholm on May 14.Anders Wiklund/TT News Agency/AFP via Getty Images

‘A Pawn in a Cruel Political Game’

Iran is threatening to execute an Iranian Swedish doctor—and human rights activists say the West isn’t doing enough, FP’s Anchal Vohra writes.


Meng Wanzhou dressed in a red dress waves as she steps out of a plane with a Chinese flag on the side of it.
Meng Wanzhou dressed in a red dress waves as she steps out of a plane with a Chinese flag on the side of it.

Huawei executive Meng Wanzhou arrives at the airport in Shenzhen, China, in a screen grab made from a video released on Sept. 25.China Central Television (CCTV)/AFP via Getty Images

Another Win for China’s Hostage Diplomacy

A yearslong diplomatic dispute between China and the West has finally ended, FP’s James Palmer writes.


Red balloons.
Red balloons.

Red balloons in the shape of a heart that read “Free Deniz”—in reference to Deniz Yucel, a German-Turkish journalist imprisoned in Turkey—are pictured.Sean Gallup/Getty Images

Turkey’s New Foreign Policy Is Hostage-Taking

The West knows what Ankara is up to, but won’t call it by its name, Nate Schenkkan writes.

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