Freeze—Don’t Seize—Russian Assets

Estonia’s government has declared that it will present a “blueprint” for how frozen Russian assets can be legally seized, and lots of politicians in other countries have expressed similar ambitions. Their noble goal is to use the funds to pay for Ukraine’s reconstruction. But seizing an asset requires an investigation linking the asset’s owner to a crime, which Italy has managed to do with some of the Russian assets it has identified, and though wealthy Russians are indisputably guilty of all manner of other sins, they have not collectively committed crimes as defined by the law.

Many of them are, of course, involved in funding the war effort, but countries wanting to seize their assets would need to prove criminality in each case. Seizing the Russians’ assets without linking them to a crime might be possible through new legislation—but it would create enormous risks for Western companies operating in other countries. That makes wholesale seizure plans different from the seizures of assets that Italy and others have carried out—because those assets had been used in criminal ways. Indeed, seizing Russian assets without demonstrating criminality would rob Western companies and individuals abroad of the legal protection that Western governments have over the past three decades so painstakingly been prodding other governments to introduce.

EU members “need to take work forward on securing accountability for the crime of aggression and to use Russia’s frozen assets,” Estonian Prime Minister Kaja Kallas said last month. Her country now plans to offer a legal rationale for the expropriation of the 20 million euros ($21 million) in Russian assets it has frozen. Freezing is a favorite tool of Western governments seeking to punish another country, as it merely involves sanctioning a person or a company and, on that basis, holding their assets until the offending country changes their ways. Seizure, by contrast, means that the government permanently takes hold of them. (For a primer on the distinction, see this article.)

Italy’s Guardia di Finanza has over the years seized enormous amounts of money and other possessions belonging to members of the Mafia guilty of criminal deeds.

Unsurprisingly, seizures are common in criminal cases. Italy’s Guardia di Finanza, for example, has over the years seized enormous amounts of money and other possessions belonging to members of the Mafia guilty of criminal deeds, and it has frozen impressive amounts of money, villas, and yachts belonging to wealthy Russians. In cases where it could establish evidence of a crime, it has also seized Russians’ assets.

Last August, for example, the Guardia seized belongings worth 141 million euros ($152 million) belonging to the architect of Russian President Vladimir Putin’s Black Sea palace. Lanfranco Cirillo, an Italian with Russian citizenship, will now stand trial in absentia in Italy on charges of fraud and money laundering—which are criminal offenses. But since sanctions are political designations, not criminal-justice ones, being subjected to sanctions is in itself not evidence of a crime. Seized property is typically auctioned off by the government in charge. Should you wish to buy a house seized by the U.S. government, the U.S. Treasury has several auctions coming up.

Little is known, so far, about the Estonian confiscation plan, apart from the fact that Estonia wants it to link up with EU plans. And the European Commission is working to find an EU-wide way of using 300 billion euros ($324 billion) in frozen Russian central-bank reserves and billions more euros belonging to sanctioned Russians. “Russia must … pay financially for the devastation that it caused,” Commission President Ursula von der Leyen said in November. “The damage suffered by Ukraine is estimated at 600 billion euros. Russia and its oligarchs have to compensate Ukraine for the damage and cover the costs for rebuilding the country.”

There is, in fact, a lot of Russian money frozen in Western banks that could pay for the reconstruction: In addition to the $324 billion the EU has frozen, the United Kingdom has frozen more than 18 billion pounds ($22 billion), and the United States, Switzerland, and the self-governing U.K. Channel islands have frozen assets, too. In total, Western allies have sanctioned more than 1,200 Russian individuals, more than 120 entities, and 19 banks since Russia invaded Ukraine. That equals assets of roughly 940 billion pounds ($1.14 trillion). It’s an extraordinary increase from last year, when the U.K., for example, held frozen Russian assets worth a mere 44.5 million pounds ($54.1 million), according to a London-based sanctions expert.

Von der Leyen’s statement is noble and a fiscally prudent one as well. Why should other countries’ taxpayers have to foot the astronomical bill for the reconstruction of a country that Russia has destroyed? Why not use funds belonging to the well-connected Russians who did nothing to stop the war? Why not take advantage of the convenient fact that it’s already sitting in Western bank accounts?

There’s the law, alas. “Under the U.K.’s Russia sanctions legislation, there is a low bar for designating prominent persons and companies,” said Francis Bond, a London-based lawyer with the law firm Macfarlanes who specializes in corporate crime. “The Russian government is sufficiently intertwined with the private sector that it’s often relatively straightforward to suggest that they have been, e.g., ‘obtaining a benefit from or supporting the government of Russia.’” Most other Western countries have similar legislation. Such laws makes sanctioning people and freezing their assets relatively easy.

But with asset seizures, the bar is much higher. “To turn a freeze into a seize in the context of current U.K. legislation, you need evidence of criminality,” Bond said. “You can get that by focusing on sanctions evasion, but that will typically only allow you to seize the portion of the assets that are involved in the evasion. Given the rule-of-law constraints in this jurisdiction, the government can’t arbitrarily seize assets without persuading a court that there is evidence of criminality.”

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That means that the U.K. government—and other Western countries with similar laws—can’t simply seize the assets of wealthy Kremlin-linked Russians unless a crime can be proved. Since evading sanctions is a crime, if it turns out that former Chelsea Football Club owner Roman Abramovich moved money to his children’s accounts after he was sanctioned—in addition to the amounts he moved before the sanctions on him were imposed—it can be seized. In December, the U.S. Senate overwhelmingly passed a bill that would allow the U.S. government to seize frozen Russian assets—but the bill was unsurprisingly limited to assets linked to criminality.

If Western governments themselves begin confiscating assets without due process, they’ll expose Western companies to the caprice of undemocratic regimes.

Lawmakers could, of course, pass laws that allow seizures of all frozen assets. But consider the consequences. An instantaneous result would be extreme jeopardy for Western companies operating abroad. When, in the days after the invasion of Ukraine, Western companies began leaving Russia in droves, the Russian government announced plans to seize the assets of such companies. The companies had broken no laws, and Western governments have a strong case for complaints against such egregious behavior.

But if Western governments themselves begin confiscating assets without due process, they lose that moral high ground—and expose Western companies to the caprice of undemocratic regimes. Legally, it doesn’t matter that many Russian oligarchs are scoundrels and many Western companies are milquetoast operations.

Yes, Western companies seeing their assets unfairly confiscated is in no way equivalent to the suffering of the Ukrainian people, whose country will need to be rebuilt. But the way to assemble the reconstruction funds is to add to a future peace treaty a Russian obligation to pay reparations, just like the victorious powers did with Germany after the two world wars. In 1921, the victors gave Germany a reparations bill of 132 billion gold marks—about $31.5 billion dollars at the time. Today, that sum would be worth approximately $500 billion.

As for the oligarchs, whatever sanctions-evaded assets skilled financial investigators find would be a nice addition. But as stomach-churning as it is to see the Russian elite living the good life—and to see their offspring living it up in the United Arab Emirates or the West—while Ukrainians suffer, Western leaders still need to demonstrate that their assets are linked to crime. They must avoid emulating Russian or Chinese leaders, who arbitrarily take what’s not theirs.